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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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The Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Required for Learned Modulation of Innate Olfactory Behavior.

Kiana Miyamoto1, Jeremy Stark1, Mayuri Kathrotia1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0357.

Eneuro
|October 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mice can learn to overcome innate odor preferences when seeking water. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for this learned behavioral override, modulating innate responses to odors.

Keywords:
aversioninnateolfactoryorbitofrontal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Olfactory Processing

Background:

  • Animals possess innate responses to environmental cues like odors.
  • Learning is essential for adapting innate responses to changing needs and risks.
  • Mechanisms for learned modulation of innate olfactory responses in mammals are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the learned override of innate olfactory responses in mice.
  • To determine the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in modulating innate odor aversion through learning.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel olfactory assay where thirsty mice choose between attractive and aversive odors for water.
  • Utilized optogenetic and chemogenetic silencing techniques to inactivate the OFC.
  • Measured odor-evoked neural activity using c-fos expression in specific brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Mice learned to prefer an aversive odor over an attractive odor when water availability was reduced at the attractive port.
  • Silencing the OFC prevented the learned override of innate odor preferences.
  • OFC inactivation suppressed neural activity in limbic structures like the amygdala, lateral septum, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Conclusions:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is essential for learned modulation of innate olfactory-driven behaviors.
  • The OFC signals to limbic structures to override innate responses to odors based on learned value.
  • This study reveals a neural circuit for flexible behavioral adaptation in response to changing environmental demands.