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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Fee Keil1, Frank Hagemes2, Matthias Setzer2
1Institute of Neuroradiology, University hospital Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Preoperative placement of gold fiducial markers using CT guidance is a safe and efficient method for identifying thoracic spine levels during surgery. This minimally invasive technique, performed under local anesthesia, ensures accurate intraoperative localization with minimal patient discomfort.
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