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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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  11. Cardiovascular Risk Across Glycemic Categories: Insights From A Nationwide Screening In Mongolia, 2022-2023

Cardiovascular Risk across Glycemic Categories: Insights from a Nationwide Screening in Mongolia, 2022-2023

Nomuuna Batmunkh1, Khangai Enkhtugs2, Khishignemekh Munkhbat1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|October 16, 2024

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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiovascular disease risk increases with pre-diabetes, including impaired fasting glucose (IFG), even before diabetes diagnosis. Early risk assessment is crucial for intervention in these pre-diabetic stages.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Pre-diabetes, specifically impaired fasting glucose (IFG), is increasingly recognized for its role in elevating CVD risk.
  • Understanding glycemic status impact on CVD risk is vital for preventative strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk across different glycemic categories: normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), newly diagnosed diabetes, and long-standing diabetes.
  • To evaluate the association between glycemic status and CVD risk in a large Mongolian population.
  • To determine the necessity of early CVD risk assessment in pre-diabetic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 120,266 adults from a Mongolian nationwide health screening program (2022-2023).
Keywords:
Mongoliacardiovascular diseasecentral obesityimpaired fasting glucose

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  • Participants were classified into normoglycemia, IFG, newly diagnosed diabetes, and long-standing diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose levels.
  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was calculated using WHO risk prediction charts, incorporating age, blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes status.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant variations in CVD risk were observed across glycemic categories.
    • Individuals with IFG showed a higher proportion at moderate CVD risk (39.9%) compared to normoglycemic individuals (31.2%).
    • Glycemic status, including IFG, was independently linked to moderate to high CVD risk (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.09-1.18), even after adjusting for covariates.

    Conclusions:

    • The study highlights that impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
    • Early cardiovascular risk assessment and intervention are necessary, particularly for individuals in pre-diabetic stages.
    • Public health strategies should consider glycemic status as a critical factor in CVD prevention programs.