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Related Concept Videos

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Recent Advances in Propylene-Based Elastomers Polymerized by Homogeneous Catalysts.

Chengkai Li1, Guoqiang Fan1, Gang Zheng1

  • 1Department of Polyethylene, SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China.

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|October 16, 2024
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Summary

Efficient synthesis of propylene-based elastomers (PBEs) is challenging. This review categorizes PBEs and highlights homogeneous catalysts crucial for their diverse structures and properties, offering future research directions.

Keywords:
chain structureshomogeneous catalystsphysical propertiespropylene-based elastomers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Propylene-based elastomers (PBEs) are gaining attention for their versatile properties and structural diversity.
  • Efficient synthesis of PBEs remains a significant challenge in the field.
  • Leading chemical companies are actively investing in PBE development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of PBEs.
  • To categorize PBEs based on their chain structures.
  • To summarize advancements in homogeneous catalysis for PBE synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of PBEs into homopolymer (hPBEs), random copolymer (rPBEs), and block copolymer (bPBEs).
  • Review of homogeneous catalysts including metallocene, constrained geometry, and non-metallocene types.
  • Analysis of catalyst performance on PBE molecular weight, distribution, and chain structure.

Main Results:

  • Diverse PBEs (hPBEs, rPBEs, bPBEs) are synthesized using advanced homogeneous catalysts.
  • Homogeneous catalysts significantly influence PBE molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and chain architecture.
  • Specific catalyst types demonstrate varying effectiveness in controlling PBE properties.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in homogeneous catalysis are key to synthesizing diverse PBEs.
  • Understanding catalyst- PBE structure relationships is crucial for property control.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis and exploring new applications for PBEs.