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Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease.

Lorena Cuervo1,2,3, Patrick L McAlpine2,3,4, Carlos Olano1,2,3

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Gut microbes produce metabolites influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study reviews how these molecules and dietary interventions impact heart health by modulating the gut microbiota.

Keywords:
bile acidshydrogen sulfidephenylacetylglutamineshort-chain fatty acidtrimethylamine N-oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cardiology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality globally, affecting over 500 million people.
  • The gut microbiome plays a significant role in host metabolism and health.
  • Low-molecular-weight metabolites from gut bacteria are increasingly recognized for their impact on CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the CVD-promoting and preventing activities of gut microbial metabolites.
  • To present molecules of mixed microbial and human hepatic origin relevant to CVD.
  • To review dietary agents with cardioprotective effects and their microbiota-modulating properties.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gut microbiota metabolites and cardiovascular health.
  • Analysis of the roles of short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine, indoles, and bile acids.
  • Examination of dietary interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, and polyphenols.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids can have cardioprotective effects.
  • Other metabolites like trimethylamine can promote CVD.
  • Dietary agents including probiotics and polyphenols demonstrate cardioprotective and microbiota-modulating properties.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota metabolites significantly influence cardiovascular disease risk.
  • Dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiota offer potential strategies for CVD prevention.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing novel therapeutic approaches.