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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
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Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization

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A Robust Routing Protocol in Cognitive Unmanned Aerial Vehicular Networks.

Anatte Rozario1, Ehasan Ahmed1, Nafees Mansoor1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new routing protocol for cognitive radio unmanned aerial vehicles (CR-UAVs) in flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs). The protocol enhances network performance and security, showing superior results in simulations for UAV communications.

Keywords:
cognitive radio networkdynamic topologyflying ad hoc networkrouting protocolunmanned aerial network

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Network Engineering

Background:

  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) require dependable communication networks for both defense and civilian applications.
  • Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) present unique routing challenges due to high mobility and dynamic network topologies.
  • Existing routing protocols often struggle with efficiency, security, and adaptability in complex FANET environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel routing protocol for Cognitive Radio Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (CR-UAVs) within FANETs.
  • To optimize route selection by integrating key performance metrics and a novel decision-making factor.
  • To enhance the robustness, security, and efficiency of communication networks for UAVs.

Main Methods:

  • A new routing protocol for CR-UAVs in FANETs is proposed, optimizing route selection using distance, speed, link quality, and energy consumption.
  • The Central Node Resolution Factor (CNRF) is introduced to improve routing decisions, complemented by Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for distance estimation.
  • Predictive algorithms, security measures for malicious node identification, and efficient route maintenance strategies are integrated, including cluster management.

Main Results:

  • The protocol demonstrates superior performance compared to existing methods, particularly in throughput and reduced packet transmission delay.
  • Simulations evaluated end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and normalized routing load under varying packet sizes.
  • The protocol effectively handles dynamic network changes, including node joins/leaves and link failures, while maintaining efficient routing.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed CR-UAV routing protocol offers significant improvements in network performance and reliability for FANETs.
  • Its ability to optimize routing, enhance security, and manage dynamic network conditions makes it suitable for both defense and civilian UAV applications.
  • The protocol's effectiveness in simulations highlights its potential for widespread adoption in advanced UAV communication systems.