Short Peptides as Powerful Arsenal for Smart Fighting Cancer

Short peptides have been coming around as a strong weapon in the fight against cancer on all fronts-in immuno-, chemo-, and radiotherapy, and also in combinatorial approaches. Moreover, short peptides have relevance in cancer imaging or 3D culture. Thanks to the natural 'smart' nature of short peptides, their unique structural features, as well as recent progress in biotechnological and bioinformatics development, short peptides are playing an enormous role in evolving cutting-edge strategies. Self-assembling short peptides may create excellent structures to stimulate cytotoxic immune responses, which is essential for cancer immunotherapy. Short peptides can help establish versatile strategies with high biosafety and effectiveness. Supramolecular short peptide-based cancer vaccines entered clinical trials. Peptide assemblies can be platforms for the delivery of antigens, adjuvants, immune cells, and/or drugs. Short peptides have been unappreciated, especially in the vaccine aspect. Meanwhile, they still hide the undiscovered unlimited potential. Here, we provide a timely update on this highly active and fast-evolving field.