Magnetogenetic stimulation inside MRI induces spontaneous and evoked changes in neural circuits activity in rats

The ability to modulate specific neural circuits and simultaneously visualize and measure brain activity with MRI would greatly impact our understanding of brain function in health and disease. The combination of neurostimulation methods and functional MRI in animal models have already shown promise in elucidating fundamental mechanisms associated with brain activity. We developed an innovative magnetogenetics neurostimulation technology that can trigger neural activity through magnetic fields. Similar to other genetic-based neuromodulation methods, magnetogenetics offers cell-, area-, and temporal-specific control of neural activity. The magnetogenetic protein-Electromagnetic Perceptive Gene (EPG)-is activated by non-invasive magnetic fields, providing a unique way to target neural circuits by the MRI static and gradient fields while simultaneously measuring their effect on brain activity. EPG was expressed in rat's visual cortex and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, resting-state functional connectivity (FC), and sensory activation was measured using a 7T MRI. The results demonstrate that EPG-expressing rats had significantly higher signal fluctuations in the visual areas and stronger FC in sensory areas consistent with known anatomical visuosensory and visuomotor connections. This new technology complements the existing neurostimulation toolbox and provides a means to study brain function in a minimally-invasive way which was not possible previously.