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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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KMT2D regulates tooth enamel development.

Jung-Mi Lee1, Hunmin Jung1, Qinghuang Tang1

  • 1Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, U.S.A.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|October 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The KMT2D gene is crucial for tooth enamel formation. Its absence in mice causes defective enamel, similar to human Kabuki syndrome, by disrupting key gene expression during ameloblast differentiation.

Keywords:
Cell differentiationEnamelEpitheliaGene expressionMorphogenesisTooth development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oral Biology

Background:

  • Amelogenesis is vital for tooth enamel formation and protection.
  • Defective amelogenesis causes amelogenesis imperfecta, including enamel hypoplasia.
  • KMT2D gene mutations are linked to Kabuki syndrome and dental anomalies, but its role in amelogenesis is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific role of KMT2D in amelogenesis.
  • To characterize enamel defects in mice with targeted KMT2D deletion.

Main Methods:

  • Generated a conditional knockout mouse model (Krt14-Cre;Kmt2d) with ectoderm-specific Kmt2d deletion.
  • Analyzed enamel defects using micro-CT, SEM, histology, and molecular techniques.
  • Performed RNA-seq and CUT&RUN-seq to identify KMT2D-regulated genes.

Main Results:

  • Kmt2d-cKO mice exhibited 100% penetrant amelogenesis imperfecta with hypoplastic and hypomineralized enamel.
  • Neonatal Kmt2d-cKO mice showed subtle cusp alterations and delayed ameloblast differentiation.
  • KMT2D directly targets genes like Satb1 and Sp6, essential for ameloblast differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • KMT2D is essential for normal amelogenesis, regulating gene expression critical for ameloblast differentiation.
  • This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of enamel development and Kabuki syndrome-related dental defects.