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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Monitoring the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Exploring Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics
Published on: June 7, 2024
Integration of circadian rhythms and immunotherapy for enhanced precision in brain cancer treatment
Matthias Quist1, Maas van Os1, Linda W van Laake2
1Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Abstract:
Circadian rhythms significantly impact (patho)physiological processes, with disruptions linked to neurodegenerative diseases and heightened cancer vulnerability. While immunotherapy has shown promise in treating various cancers, its efficacy in brain malignancies remains limited. This review explores the nexus of circadian rhythms and immunotherapy in brain cancer treatment, emphasising precision through alignment with the body's internal clock. We evaluate circadian regulation of immune responses, including cell localisation and functional phenotype, and discuss how circadian dysregulation affects anti-cancer immunity. Additionally, we analyse and assess the effectiveness of current immunotherapeutic approaches for brain cancer including immune checkpoint blockades, adoptive cellular therapies, and other novel strategies. Future directions, such as chronotherapy and personalised treatment schedules, are proposed to optimise immunotherapy precision against brain cancers. Overall, this review provides an understanding of the often-overlooked role of circadian rhythms in brain cancer and suggests avenues for improving immunotherapeutic outcomes.
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