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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
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Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
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A drug's nonlinear kinetics can be influenced by a diverse range of transporter proteins that serve as crucial players in drug distribution. These transporters, found within cells, can enhance or reduce local drug concentrations by facilitating the influx or efflux of drugs. For instance, the expression of xenobiotic transporters can be influenced by factors such as age and gender, potentially impacting the linearity of drug response.
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Exploring worldwide training pathways that enable clinical pharmacy career development.

Laura Moura, A Costa, Stephane Steurbaut

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    Summary

    Clinical pharmacy activities are foundational, with undergraduate education equipping pharmacists. Understanding training pathways, success factors, and challenges optimizes clinical pharmacy career development globally.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacy Education
    • Clinical Pharmacy Practice
    • Professional Development

    Background:

    • Pharmaceutical education is vital for adapting pharmacists to evolving professional roles.
    • The clinical aspect of pharmacy education and practice has advanced globally, but implementation varies.
    • Training routes for clinical pharmacy careers differ significantly across countries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the diverse training pathways that facilitate career progression in clinical pharmacy.
    • To identify key factors contributing to and hindering the development of clinical pharmacy careers.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted in-depth interviews with academic and practice experts from thirteen countries.
    • Utilized a purposive sampling strategy based on a prior literature review.
    • Employed thematic analysis of transcribed interviews, with verification by multiple researchers.

    Main Results:

    • In ten countries, core clinical competencies are considered fundamental, suggesting undergraduate education suffices for clinical pharmacy activities.
    • Success factors include interprofessional education, country-specific health contexts, student readiness, practice partnerships, patient-centricity, mentorship, flexibility, effective evaluation, and financial support.
    • Identified constraints include a shortage of experienced mentors/teachers, regulatory delays, insufficient funding, resistance to change, and education-practice mismatches.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical activities are foundational in most countries, with undergraduate education providing essential skills for clinical pharmacy practice.
    • Optional postgraduate education can further enhance skills for clinical pharmacy careers.
    • Understanding current training pathways, their successes, and challenges is crucial for optimizing clinical pharmacy education and career development.