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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation01:17

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Overview
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Sympathetic Signaling01:32

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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:28

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions
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Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity caused by neurosyphilis.

Shuko Fujiki1, Masaki Fujino1, Akira Machida1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.

BMJ Neurology Open
|October 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH), a nervous system disorder, can be triggered by infections like neurosyphilis. Early recognition and treatment are vital for managing PSH and preventing severe complications.

Keywords:
AutonomicInfectious diseasesLimbic systemNeuroimmunologyParoxysmal disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

Background:

  • Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a condition of autonomic nervous system dysregulation.
  • It is commonly linked to severe traumatic brain injury.
  • Recent evidence suggests non-traumatic causes, including infections and autoimmune conditions, can also trigger PSH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first case of neurosyphilis presenting with PSH.
  • To highlight the importance of considering PSH in central nervous system infections.

Main Methods:

  • A case presentation of a 30-year-old male with neurosyphilis.
  • Diagnostic evaluation included serum and cerebrospinal fluid testing.
  • PSH diagnosis was confirmed via clinical presentation, exclusion of other conditions, and a high PSH Assessment Measure Score.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced symptoms of neurosyphilis followed by recurrent episodes of tachycardia, tachypnoea, hyperthermia, hypertension, limb stiffness, and diaphoresis.
  • Treatment with intravenous penicillin for neurosyphilis and subsequent medications (propranolol, gabapentin, clonidine) for PSH resolved the episodes.
  • The patient achieved independent ambulation post-treatment.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first documented case of neurosyphilis associated with PSH.
  • PSH is rare in central nervous system infections but requires early recognition.
  • Untreated PSH can lead to severe complications.