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Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
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Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

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Treatment-Resistant Mood Disorders.

Nadia Naeem1, Rabia Farooqi2

  • 1Nadia Naeem, Department of Psychology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
|October 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Psychotherapeutic interventions combined with medication effectively treat treatment-resistant mood disorder (TRMD). Aerobics also show promise for complex mood disorders, with comorbidities being key risk factors.

Keywords:
Clinical featuresEvidence-based non-medical treatment approaches for TRMDEvidence-based psychotherapeutic interventionsTreatment-resistant mood disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Treatment-resistant mood disorder (TRMD) presents complex challenges in patient care.
  • Understanding the clinical features and risk factors for TRMD is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore symptom presentation and clinical features associated with treatment-resistant mood disorder (TRMD).
  • To analyze psychotherapeutic and non-medical treatment modalities for TRMD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 37 articles, with theoretical sampling of three.
  • Searches conducted across social sciences databases (Google Scholar, Sage Journal, Science Direct) from 1990-2020.
  • PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for the review process.

Main Results:

  • Psychotherapeutic interventions (CBT, MBCT, IPT) combined with psychopharmacological treatment are efficacious for TRMD.
  • Bipolar diathesis, anxiety, and personality disorders are potential causal factors.
  • Risk factors include comorbidity, misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, illness severity, and late diagnosis.
  • Aerobics showed promise as a non-medical approach for complex mood disorders.
  • TRMD is more prevalent in females and in late adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Augmenting pharmacological treatments with psychotherapeutic interventions enhances treatment efficacy for TRMD.