ELISA-R: an R-based method for robust ELISA data analysis

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a technique to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a sample. ELISA is a simple and cost-effective method that has been used for evaluating vaccine efficacy by detecting the presence of antibodies against viral/bacterial antigens and diagnosis of disease stages. Traditional ELISA data analysis utilizes a standard curve of known analyte, and the concentration of the unknown sample is determined by comparing its observed optical density against the standard curve. However, in the case of vaccine research for complicated bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), there is no prior information regarding the antigen against which high-affinity antibodies are generated and therefore plotting a standard curve is not feasible. Consequently, the analysis of ELISA data in this instance is based on a comparison between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. However, to the best of our knowledge, no robust data analysis method exists for "non-standard curve" ELISA. In this paper, we provide a straightforward R-based ELISA data analysis method with open access that incorporates end-point titer determination and curve-fitting models. Our modified method allows for direct measurement data input from the instrument, cleaning and arranging the dataset in the required format, and preparing the final report with calculations while leaving the raw data file unchanged. As an illustration of our method, we provide an example from our published data in which we successfully used our method to compare anti-Mtb antibodies in vaccinated vs non-vaccinated mice.