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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

In vitro Quantitative Imaging Assay for Phagocytosis of Dead Neuroblastoma Cells by iPSC-Macrophages
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Mitophagy-associated programmed neuronal death and neuroinflammation.

Yanlin Zhu1,2,3, Jianning Zhang1,2,3, Quanjun Deng1,2,3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) removes damaged mitochondria, crucial for neuronal health. Dysregulation links to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
apoptosisferroptosismitophagynecroptosisneuroinflammationpyroptosis

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Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital for cellular energy and programmed cell death.
  • Mitophagy, the selective removal of damaged mitochondria, maintains cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis.
  • Excessive neuronal cell death contributes to neurological impairments in conditions like ischemia, trauma, and neurodegeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of mitophagy in programmed neuronal death.
  • To investigate the connection between mitophagy and neuroinflammation.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating autophagy in neurological diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mitophagy, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation.
  • Analysis of research on small molecule autophagy regulators in animal models of neurological diseases.

Main Results:

  • Mitophagy is essential for preventing excessive neuronal death.
  • Neuroinflammation is a common factor in various neurological conditions.
  • Autophagy regulation shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Mitophagy plays a critical role in regulating programmed neuronal death.
  • The interplay between mitophagy and neuroinflammation is significant in neurological disease pathogenesis.
  • Targeting autophagy pathways offers a potential therapeutic avenue for neurological diseases.