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Implementation of an EMS-based naloxone distribution program: A qualitative evaluation.

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Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel and people who use drugs (PWUD) broadly support leave-behind naloxone (LBN) programs. Addressing barriers like forgetting and liability can improve naloxone distribution and harm reduction efforts.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Addiction Science

Background:

  • Opioid overdose remains a critical public health crisis.
  • Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are uniquely positioned to intervene during overdose events.
  • Leave-behind naloxone (LBN) programs offer a strategy to increase naloxone accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate EMS engagement and experiences with a novel LBN program.
  • To explore interest in addiction and harm reduction education among EMS personnel.
  • To assess the acceptability of LBN programs among people who use drugs (PWUD).

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with EMS personnel and PWUD.
  • Data were collected between February and September 2023.
  • A rapid assessment method was employed for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Most EMS participants (18/23) had distributed LBN and supported agency programs.
  • Key barriers included forgetting, patient acuity, and perceived liability; facilitators included clear protocols and accessible kits.
  • The majority of PWUD supported LBN and felt comfortable receiving training from EMS.

Conclusions:

  • Broad support exists for EMS-based naloxone distribution from both EMS providers and PWUD.
  • Modifiable barriers to LBN program success were identified.
  • Expansion of EMS-based LBN programs is recommended across the United States.