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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

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A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds
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A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Published on: November 26, 2012

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Fifty free flaps from the ear.

M Zena1, P Homsy2, E Romanowski3

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|October 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auricular free flaps offer a viable option for facial and intraoral reconstruction when local tissues are insufficient. While effective, this complex microsurgical technique requires careful patient selection.

Keywords:
Head and neck reconstructionHelix flapMicrosurgeryTAPAS flap

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Area of Science:

  • Microsurgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Facial and intraoral defect reconstruction presents significant challenges.
  • Local flaps are not always available, and distant flaps often have poor aesthetic outcomes.
  • Auricular free flaps are explored as a potential reconstructive solution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of using auricular free flaps for facial and intraoral reconstruction.
  • To assess the suitability of auricular tissue for complex reconstructive needs.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction with auricular flaps from 2011-2021.
  • Review of patient demographics, flap types, defect characteristics, and complications.
  • Evaluation of outcomes including flap survival, cosmesis, and need for revision surgery.

Main Results:

  • 50 auricular free flaps were used in 48 patients (62 years median age) for reconstruction.
  • The nose (64%) and tongue (12%) were the most common sites reconstructed.
  • Flap loss occurred in 6% of cases, with an overall complication rate of 46% and acceptable final cosmesis.

Conclusions:

  • Auricular free flaps are a valuable tissue source for complex facial and intraoral reconstructions.
  • This technique is technically demanding and should be reserved for carefully selected patients.
  • Successful reconstruction is achievable, but requires specialized microsurgical expertise.