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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Proton ARC based LATTICE radiation therapy: feasibility study, energy layer optimization and LET optimization.

Ya-Nan Zhu1, Weijie Zhang1, Jufri Setianegara1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|October 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel proton LATTICE radiation therapy method using proton ARC, significantly improving tumor coverage and sparing organs at risk. The optimized proton LATTICE enhances treatment efficiency and biological dose distribution for clinical use.

Keywords:
LATTICESFRTenergy layer optimizationproton ARC

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Techniques

Background:

  • LATTICE (spatially fractionated radiation therapy) offers modulated dose distributions, a 3D GRID generalization.
  • Proton LATTICE combines proton therapy benefits with LATTICE, but standard intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) faces challenges in target coverage and organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing.
  • Existing proton LATTICE methods using IMPT can lead to poor dose coverage and OAR dose spill.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel proton LATTICE method using proton ARC (many beam angles) to overcome IMPT limitations.
  • To optimize delivery efficiency through energy layer optimization and biological dose distribution via linear energy transfer (LET) optimization.
  • To enable clinical adoption of proton LATTICE by improving target coverage, OAR sparing, and efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Formulated and solved ARC-based proton LATTICE with joint optimization of plan quality and delivery efficiency using energy layer optimization.
  • Explicitly modeled and minimized the number of energy jumps (NEJ) for improved efficiency, while optimizing target conformity and OAR dose objectives.
  • Ensured plan deliverability with minimum monitor unit (MMU) constraints and accounted for robustness using robust optimization; optimized biological dose via LET optimization.

Main Results:

  • ARC-based proton LATTICE significantly improved plan quality compared to IMPT-based proton LATTICE, enhancing conformity index (CI) and reducing esophagus dose.
  • Energy layer optimization improved delivery efficiency by reducing NEJ, energy layer switching time, and overall plan delivery time in lung cases.
  • Proton ARC LATTICE also outperformed VMAT LATTICE, showing improved CI, reduced OAR dose, and enhanced peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR).

Conclusions:

  • Proton LATTICE using proton ARC is feasible, offering superior target dose coverage and OAR sparing compared to IMPT-based proton LATTICE.
  • Energy layer optimization effectively enhances the delivery efficiency of ARC-based proton LATTICE.
  • The developed method optimizes biological dose distribution via LET optimization, paving the way for clinical implementation of proton LATTICE.