Biomimetic Electrodynamic Metal-Organic Framework Nanosponges for Augmented Treatment of Biofilm Infections

Electrodynamic therapy (EDT) is a promising alternative approach for antibacterial therapy, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced efficiently in response to an electric field without relying on endogenous H₂O₂ and O₂. However, the inherent toxicity of metallic catalysts and numerous bacterial toxins during the therapeutic process still hinder its development. Herein, biomimetic metal-organic (MOF@EV) nanosponges composed of ginger-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and electrodynamic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are developed for the eradication of bacterial infections and the absorption of toxins. The prolonged circulation time of MOF@EV in vivo facilitates their accumulation at infection sites. More interestingly, MOF@EV can behave as nanosponges and effectively prevent host cells from binding to bacterial toxins, thereby reducing damage to cells. Subsequently, the MOF@EV nanosponges are discovered to work as electro-sensitizers, which is confirmed through both theoretical calculation and experimental verification. As a result, ROS is continuously produced under the electric field to achieve effective EDT-mediated bacterial eradication. Meanwhile, the treatment process of MOF@EV in vivo is visualized in mice infected with luciferase-expressing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and excellent biofilm eradication capacity and detoxification efficiency are demonstrated in a subcutaneous abscess model. This work provides a promising strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections.