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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats
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Multicentric Pediatric Stroke Code: Insight to the first years after implementation.

Ana Jové-Blanco1, José Antonio Ruiz Domínguez2, Aranzazu Flavia González-Posada Flores3

  • 1Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : EJPN : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society
|October 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A multicentric Pediatric Stroke Code (PSC) effectively diagnosed pediatric stroke, mirroring results from single-center protocols. Key indicators like altered consciousness and neurological deficits helped differentiate stroke from mimics in children.

Keywords:
Brain imagingChildrenEmergency serviceStrokeStroke mimics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Stroke Research

Background:

  • Unicentric pediatric acute stroke protocols have improved stroke care.
  • The effectiveness of multicentric Pediatric Stroke Codes (PSCs) was previously unestablished.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize multicentric PSC activations in children.
  • To identify clinical features distinguishing stroke from stroke mimics.
  • To compare multicentric PSC outcomes with unicentric data.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, observational, multicentric study in Madrid's Pediatric Emergency Departments (2019-2022).
  • Included children (28 days-16 years) with activated PSC.
  • Logistic regression analyzed associations between clinical features and stroke diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • 196 PSC activations; 19.9% confirmed stroke (10.2% ischemic, 9.7% hemorrhagic).
  • Stroke mimics (80.1%) were more common, with migraine being the most frequent.
  • Low consciousness, focal neurological deficits, aphasia, and altered mental status significantly increased stroke probability.

Conclusions:

  • Multicentric PSCs are feasible and achieve results comparable to unicentric protocols.
  • This organization facilitates efficient pediatric stroke diagnosis and treatment.