Unraveling the ozone impact and oxidative stress on the nervous system

Ozone (O₃), a potent oxidant, can penetrate the body through breathing, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering inflammatory processes. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of ROS and the body's antioxidant capacity, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon can negatively impact the Central Nervous System (CNS), inducing structural and functional alterations that contribute to the development of neurological pathologies. This review examines how O₃-induced oxidative stress affects the nervous system by analyzing existing literature on the involved molecular mechanisms and potential antioxidant systems to mitigate its effects. Through a comprehensive review of experimental studies, our objective is to shed light on the interaction between O₃ and the nervous system, as well as its signaling pathways and altered genes, providing a foundation for future research in this field. Several studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure to O₃ leads to increased expression of reactive oxygen species, causing alterations in the blood-brain barrier and damage to astrocytes and microglia. These effects can lead to an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, neurotoxins, and genes, exacerbating neuronal damage and accelerating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other neurological disorders. The results of this review suggest that exposure to O₃ may induce oxidative damage to the nervous system, which could have significant implications for public health.