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Association Analysis Between Albumin Level and Maxillofacial Space Infection Severity
Ying Huang1, Lei Lu2, Hetong Fei3
1Attending, Maxillofacial Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
Background:
Early detection and treatment of maxillofacial space infection (MSI) can lead to successful outcomes; however, delayed intervention may result in severe systemic manifestations, posing a potential threat to life.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to measure the association between albumin (ALB) levels and MSI severity.
Study Design, Setting, Sample:
This was a retrospective cohort study including patients who were diagnosed with MSI at the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from 2013 to 2023. Patients with unknown etiology, incomplete data, and those with psychiatric disorders and malignant tumors were excluded. Cured subjects are defined as the absence of clinical symptoms.
Predictor Variable:
The primary predictor variable was the ALB levels measured at the time of admission. We categorized ALB levels at admission into <30 g/L, 30-35 g/L, and >35 g/L.
Main Outcome Variable(S):
The outcome variables were MSI severity measured by the length of stay (LOS) and death. LOS >14 days was a prolonged length of hospital stay.
Covariates:
Covariates included age, sex, involved anatomical spaces, neutrophil proportion and white blood cell counts.
Analyses:
Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson's χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, independent sample t-test, multivariate logistic regression, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, and the Gamma test. The P value was set at .05.
Results:
This study encompassed 201 patients, of whom 123 were male (61.19%) and 78 were female (38.81%). Among these, 190 subjects (94.53%) were cured. The mean LOS was 16.38 ± 18.93 days, and 81 subjects (42.63%) had a LOS exceeding 14 days. There were 11 deceased patients (5.47%). The neutrophil proportion (χ2 = 8.31; P < .01), and white blood cell count (χ2 = 11.14; P < .01) were significantly higher in deceased patients compared to those who were cured, and among the deceased patients, there was a greater percentage of patients with odontogenic infections (χ2 = 7.48; P = .02). There was no difference in ALB levels among the deceased patients (χ2 = 3.08 P = .21). A reduction in ALB levels is associated with an increased risk of prolonged LOS (χ2 = 21.77; P < .001). The relative risk (RR) of LOS extension when the ALB level is between 30 and 35 g/L is 1.32 times higher than when the ALB level exceeds 35 g/L (RR = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99 to 1.76). Furthermore, when ALB levels fall below 30 g/L, the RR increases to 2.19 times higher compared to ALB levels greater than 35 g/L (RR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.47 to 3.26). Moreover, the LOS was used to measure the severity of MSI. Multivariate regression analysis found ALB levels were negatively associated with LOS. Subjects with ALB levels less than 30 g/L had a 2.98 times higher risk (95% CI = 1.12 to 7.75; P = .03) than subjects with ALB levels more than 35 g/L. The risk factors of MSI including the ALB levels less than 35 g/L (odds ratio (OR) (>35:30 to 35:<30) = 1.00:1.85:2.98), multiple space infections (OR (1:2-3:4-5:>5) = 1.00:0.52:1.92:5.49), and descending necrotizing mediastinitis (OR = 4.30).
Conclusion And Relevance:
ALB levels less than 35 g/L, multiple space infections, descending necrotizing mediastinitis occurrence, and increased LOS are risk factors for increased severity of MSI and may lead to prolonged LOS.
Insights
Lower albumin (ALB) levels are linked to increased severity in maxillofacial space infections (MSI). Patients with ALB below 35 g/L face higher risks of prolonged hospital stays and complications, highlighting ALB as a crucial prognostic marker.
Area of Science:
- Medical Science
- Infectious Diseases
- Surgical Pathology
Background:
- Maxillofacial space infections (MSI) require timely intervention to prevent severe systemic complications.
- Delayed treatment of MSI can lead to life-threatening conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between serum albumin (ALB) levels and the severity of maxillofacial space infections (MSI).
Main Methods:
- A retrospective cohort study analyzed 201 patients diagnosed with MSI between 2013 and 2023.
- Albumin (ALB) levels were categorized (<30 g/L, 30-35 g/L, >35 g/L) and correlated with MSI severity indicators like length of stay (LOS) and mortality.
- Statistical analyses included Chi-squared tests, ANOVA, t-tests, and multivariate logistic regression.
Main Results:
- Lower ALB levels (<35 g/L) were significantly associated with an increased risk of prolonged LOS (P < .001).
- Patients with ALB < 30 g/L had a 2.98 times higher risk of prolonged LOS compared to those with ALB > 35 g/L (P = .03).
- Higher neutrophil proportion and white blood cell counts were observed in deceased patients, alongside a higher incidence of odontogenic infections.
Conclusions:
- Serum albumin (ALB) levels below 35 g/L are identified as a significant risk factor for increased MSI severity and prolonged LOS.
- Multiple space infections and descending necrotizing mediastinitis also correlate with increased MSI severity.
- ALB levels serve as a potential prognostic marker for evaluating MSI severity and patient outcomes.
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