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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging
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Using space lidar to infer bubble cloud depth on a global scale.

Damien Josset1, Stephanie Cayula2, Magdalena Anguelova3

  • 1Ocean Sciences Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, NASA Stennis Space Center, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS, 39529, USA. damien.b.josset.civ@us.navy.mil.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spaceborne lidar measurements from CALIPSO satellite reveal global bubble depth, complementing whitecap fraction data. Findings enhance understanding of ocean physics at high wind speeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Whitecap fraction is measurable globally via satellite, but bubble clouds are 3D.
  • Space-based lidar offers complementary observations of bubble depth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Quantify global bubble depth using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite depolarization data.
  • Compare CALIPSO-derived bubble depth with wind speed and whitecap fraction data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lidar measurements from the CALIPSO satellite to determine bubble depth via depolarization.
  • Correlated CALIPSO bubble depth with wind speed data from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and AMSR2.
  • Compared CALIPSO bubble depth with whitecap fraction data from AMSR2 and WindSat.

Main Results:

  • CALIPSO-derived bubble depth shows global distributions and seasonal variations, consistent with high wind speeds (>7 m/s).
  • The relationship between CALIPSO bubble depth and wind speed aligns with buoy-based measurements.
  • CALIPSO bubble depth exhibits similarities to whitecap fraction data from AMSR2 and WindSat.

Conclusions:

  • Spaceborne lidar measurements are valuable for understanding 3D bubble properties.
  • Findings advance the study of ocean physics, particularly at high wind speeds.