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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

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Published on: September 8, 2023

Comparative evaluation of commercially available AI-based cephalometric tracing programs.

Nida Baig¹, Kabir Syed Gyasudeen¹, Tanmoy Bhattacharjee²

¹Department of Orthodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

BMC Oral Health

|October 18, 2024

Summary

Three AI cephalometric tracing software programs showed inaccuracies compared to human experts. Clinicians should use caution with AI analysis for orthodontic treatment planning.

Keywords:

Accuracy Artificial intelligence Diagnosis Lateral cephalometric Orthodontics

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Area of Science:

Dentistry
Orthodontics
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Background:

Lateral cephalometric radiography is crucial for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
AI-based software offers potential for automating cephalometric analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the accuracy and diagnostic concordance of three commercial AI-based lateral cephalometric tracing software.
To evaluate the reliability of AI software against human expert measurements.

Main Methods:

Sixty-three lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed using semi-automatic and three AI-based software programs.
Intra- and inter-observer reliability were assessed for human experts.
Repeated-measures one-way ANOVA compared AI and human expert measurements.

Main Results:

Human expert reliability was excellent (ICC > 0.9) for most parameters.
All three AI programs showed significant differences compared to human experts (WebCeph™: 10/11, Cephio: 7/11, Ceppro DDH Inc.: 7/11 measurements).
Variations exceeding two units were common, impacting skeletal, dental, and soft tissue assessments.

Conclusions:

AI-based cephalometric tracing software demonstrated inaccuracies and lacked reliability.
Clinicians should exercise caution when relying solely on AI analyses for orthodontic treatment planning.