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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

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Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Primary Symptoms of COPD:
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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High Hospitalization Rates and Risk Factors Among Frail Patients With Cirrhosis: A 10-year Population-based Cohort

Bima J Hasjim1, Mohsen Mohammadi2, Salva N Balbale3

  • 1Northwestern University Transplant Outcomes Research Collaborative (NUTORC), Comprehensive Transplant Center (CTC), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology : the Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association
|October 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with cirrhosis and frailty experience significantly higher hospitalization rates. Routine frailty screening in cirrhosis care is crucial for reducing hospitalizations.

Keywords:
CirrhosisFrailtyHospitalizations

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Gastroenterology
  • Geriatrics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cirrhosis-related hospitalizations have risen significantly in recent years.
  • Understanding hospitalization risk factors in frail cirrhosis patients is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate contemporary hospitalization rates and identify risk factors among frail patients with cirrhosis.
  • To analyze a decade of hospitalization data in a large US metropolitan area.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study (2011-2021) using the Chicago Area Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (CAPriCORN) database.
  • Frailty assessed using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score.
  • Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of annual hospitalization probability.

Main Results:

  • Of 36,971 patients, 44% were hospitalized; decompensated cirrhosis patients had the highest rates (77.3/100 patients/year).
  • Compensated cirrhosis patients with intermediate and severe frailty had 3x and 5x higher odds of annual hospitalization, respectively, compared to those with low frailty.

Conclusions:

  • Intermediate to severe frailty substantially increases annual hospitalization odds in both compensated and decompensated cirrhosis patients.
  • Targeted interventions and routine frailty screening are recommended to reduce hospitalization rates in cirrhosis care.