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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

11.3K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

9.0K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
9.0K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

12.0K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
12.0K
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
2.5K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.0K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
3.0K
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

1
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
1

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Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Metabolic Adaptation in Metabolic Diseases
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Mitochondrial pathways and sarcopenia in the geroscience era.

Emanuele Marzetti1, Riccardo Calvani1, Helio José Coelho-Junior2

  • 1Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
|October 20, 2024
PubMed
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Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs muscle aging and sarcopenia. Enhancing mitochondrial quality control (MQC) may offer new therapeutic strategies for age-related muscle loss and functional decline.

Keywords:
Biology of agingExtracellular vesiclesInflammagingMitochondrial quality controlMulti-MarkerOmics

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Sarcopenia, characterized by skeletal muscle abnormalities, is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, impacting muscle aging.
  • Reduced mitochondrial bioenergetics in older adults correlate with decreased aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and physical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in sarcopenia.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for sarcopenia and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of muscle structure, ultrastructure, and molecular profiles in older adults.
  • Transcriptional profiling to assess gene expression related to autophagy, mitophagy, and MQC processes.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction significantly reduces muscle bioenergetics, strength, and performance in aging.
  • Inverse correlations found between autophagy/mitophagy gene expression and muscle mass/physical performance.
  • Alterations in MQC are associated with inflammation, muscle atrophy, and dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial quality control is crucial for maintaining skeletal muscle health during aging.
  • Biomarkers related to MQC, inflammation, metabolism, and gut microbiota are linked to sarcopenia.
  • These findings support a geroscience framework for sarcopenia research and gerotherapeutic development.