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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

Microparticle and nanoparticle-based influenza vaccines.

Luis Ontiveros-Padilla¹, Eric M Bachelder¹, Kristy M Ainslie²

¹Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society

|October 20, 2024

Summary

Annual influenza vaccination is crucial for public health, but yearly reformulation is needed due to viral changes. This review explores strategies for developing broadly reactive influenza vaccines and novel delivery systems.

Keywords:

Broadly reactive antigen Complexes Emulsions Influenza vaccines Metal-based particles Mucosal vaccination Polymer particles Vaccine delivery micro/nanoparticles

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Public Health

Background:

Influenza poses a significant global health threat, necessitating annual vaccination due to viral evolution (antigenic drift and shift).
Current influenza vaccines require frequent updates, driving the need for more effective and broadly protective vaccine strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current U.S. influenza vaccines and production platforms.
To discuss approaches for developing broadly reactive influenza vaccines.
To explore adjuvant systems and particulate delivery platforms for future vaccine formulations.

Main Methods:

Literature review of approved influenza vaccines and emerging technologies.
Analysis of immune system components involved in protective responses.
Classification of micro- and nano-particulate systems for vaccine delivery.

Main Results:

Current vaccine platforms and their limitations are discussed.
Various strategies for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and broad reactivity are presented.
Adjuvants and novel particulate delivery systems (micro- and nano-particulate) for parenteral and mucosal vaccination are reviewed.

Conclusions:

Developing broadly reactive influenza vaccines is essential to combat seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics.
Adjuvants and advanced delivery systems hold promise for improving vaccine efficacy and durability.
Understanding immune system components and particulate platforms is key to next-generation influenza vaccine design.