Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

21.8K
Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
21.8K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

18.0K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
18.0K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

20.7K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
20.7K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

19.0K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
19.0K
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

71.8K
Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
71.8K
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

5.7K
Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Contextuality, incompatibility, and intra-system entanglement of mental markers: From cognition and decision making to medicine.

Bio Systems·2026
Same author

Interplay Between Vertical and Horizontal Schemes of Computation: From Bayesian Inference to Quantum Logic via Gluing Boolean Algebras.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Quantum-like Cognition and Decision-Making: Interpretation of Phases in Quantum-like Superposition.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Quantum-like representation of neuronal networks' activity: modeling "mental entanglement".

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2025
Same author

Quantum-like cognition and decision-making in the light of quantum measurement theory.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2025
Same author

Preface to the Special Issue: Quantum Probability and Randomness V.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack
07:44

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

Published on: August 15, 2018

7.0K

Universal dynamical function behind all genetic codes: P-adic attractor dynamical model.

Ekaterina Yurova Axelsson1, Andrei Khrennikov1

  • 1International Center for Mathematical Modelling in Physics and Cognitive Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, S-35195, Sweden.

Bio Systems
|October 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The attractor dynamical model (ADM) describes genetic codes using a Universal Function (B) and mathematical operations. This model offers insights into the evolution of genetic codes, potentially explaining the pre-LUCA code.

Keywords:
2-adic representation of nucleotides and codonsAlgebra on the set of codonsAttractor dynamical modelGenetic codeGenetic code evolutionPhylogenetic dynamics of genetic codesUniversal function

More Related Videos

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

7.0K
Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells
14:02

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: April 9, 2018

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack
07:44

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

Published on: August 15, 2018

7.0K
A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

7.0K
Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells
14:02

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Published on: April 9, 2018

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Dynamical Systems Theory
  • Number Theory

Background:

  • The genetic code translates DNA codons into amino acids.
  • Existing models often lack a unified mathematical framework for code evolution.
  • Discrete dynamical systems offer a novel approach to model genetic codes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a Universal Function (B) within the attractor dynamical model (ADM).
  • To demonstrate how known genetic codes can be derived from B using specific mathematical operations.
  • To explore the phylogenetic dynamics and evolutionary origins of genetic codes.

Main Methods:

  • Representing nucleotides as binary vectors and codons as triples.
  • Utilizing functions acting in the ring of 2-adic integers (Z2).
  • Defining 'Addition' and 'Division' operations on codon cycles derived from Function B.

Main Results:

  • A Universal Function (B) was constructed, generating all known genetic codes via transformations.
  • Function B exhibits 24 cyclic attractors, matching the distribution of the hypothetical pre-LUCA code.
  • ADM provides a framework for studying the evolutionary pathways of genetic codes.

Conclusions:

  • The attractor dynamical model (ADM) offers a powerful mathematical framework for understanding genetic code evolution.
  • The Universal Function (B) and its associated operations provide a potential explanation for the origin of the pre-LUCA genetic code.
  • Further research is needed to assign biological meaning to the mathematical operations within ADM.