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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:21

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.
The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Primary Paraganglioma Arising From the Maxillary Bone.

Elias Chuki1, Kimia Saleh Anaraki2, Abhishek Jha3

  • 1National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

JCEM Case Reports
|October 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This report details a rare primary intraosseous paraganglioma (PGL) in the maxillary bone. Proton beam therapy provided effective symptom relief and tumor control for this neurosecretory neoplasm.

Keywords:
maxillary boneparagangliomaradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neurosecretory neoplasms originating from neural crest cells.
  • Primary intraosseous PGLs, particularly in the maxillary bone, are exceptionally uncommon.

Observation:

  • A 30-year-old woman presented with facial pain, swelling, and palpitations.
  • CT revealed a maxillary mass; biochemical tests showed elevated dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, and chromogranin A.
  • Histopathology confirmed PGL with positive synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and GATA-3 expression.

Findings:

  • Functional imaging (PET/CT) demonstrated avidity with 18F-FDOPA, 68Ga-DOTATATE, and 18F-FDG.
  • Proton beam therapy was administered due to surgical risks and patient preference.
  • Post-treatment, the patient experienced symptom relief, normalized biochemical markers, and stable disease on imaging.

Implications:

  • This case emphasizes the need for comprehensive diagnostic workups for suspected PGLs.
  • Proton beam therapy is a viable and effective treatment for head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs), offering good tumor control with low morbidity.
  • Accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies are crucial for managing rare neuroendocrine tumors.