Functionalized metal oxide nanoparticles: A promising intervention against major health burden of diseases

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) is one of the most effective materials for medical applications with their substantial surface metallic ions and high surface area-volume ratio. Over decades, MONPs have been considered potential treatments due to their demonstrated ability and reactivity to target diverse cellular signaling pathways implicated in antimicrobial effects, as well as in the amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer progression, and glucose together with lipid dysregulation. Based on their unique characteristics, MONPs have shown to be biodegradable and biocompatible vehicles for drugs, which have recently been applied in drug delivery as nanocarriers to enhance their delivery capacity for mechanistic membrane transport. However, little is known about the precise cellular responses, molecular mechanisms, and potential use of MONPs in the medical field. This review emphasizes on elaborating the biochemical reactivities of MONPs on molecular and cellular reactions, highlighting the physiological responses, mechanisms of action, certain drawbacks, and remediation of these functionalized materials. The significant goal of this literature is to shed light on the new perspectives of MONPs in pre-clinical application to pursue for clinical research as alternative-personalized medicines to prevent individuals from drastic diseases.