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Related Concept Videos

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.3K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.3K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.1K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.1K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.6K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
4.6K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.4K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.4K
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

5
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
5
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

13.8K
This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...
13.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

12.7K

Localized High-Concentration Electrolyte in Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction for Ammonia Synthesis.

Hyeju Yun1,2, Chaeeun Lim1,2, Minjun Kwon3

  • 1Surface Chemistry Laboratory of Electronic Materials (SCHEMA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) enable efficient ammonia synthesis via lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR). This approach forms a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in low-concentration electrolytes, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.

Keywords:
LHCELi‐mediated nitrogen reductionSEITTEammoniasolvation

More Related Videos

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

26.4K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry and Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry and Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • The lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR) offers a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis.
  • The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical for Li-NRR performance, influencing reactant diffusion and side reactions.
  • SEI properties are linked to Li+ ion solvation, which can be tuned via electrolyte engineering, but high-concentration electrolytes (HCEs) present practical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) strategy for Li-NRR.
  • To enable anion-derived SEI formation in low-concentration electrolytes (LCEs) for improved Li-NRR efficiency and stability.
  • To investigate the role of antisolvents in tailoring SEI properties and enhancing electrochemical performance.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of LHCEs using antisolvents to modify Li+ ion solvation.
  • Electrochemical characterization, including ammonia Faradaic efficiency measurements.
  • Systematic calculations and experimental analyses to elucidate SEI formation mechanisms and electrolyte properties.

Main Results:

  • The antisolvent 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) in LHCE achieved a record ammonia Faradaic efficiency of 73.6 ± 2.5%.
  • LHCE significantly outperformed both LCE (34.3 ± 2.8%) and HCE (56.0 ± 2.8%) in ammonia production.
  • LHCE facilitated the formation of a thin, inorganic SEI with anion-rich solvation structures, low viscosity, and high N2 solubility.

Conclusions:

  • LHCE is a highly effective electrolyte engineering strategy for enhancing Li-NRR efficiency and stability.
  • The developed LHCE system overcomes the mass transfer, viscosity, and cost limitations associated with traditional HCEs.
  • This approach paves the way for more practical and sustainable ammonia synthesis via electrochemical methods.