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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
Electrochemistry: Overview01:04

Electrochemistry: Overview

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the relationship between electrical quantities and chemical reactions, particularly oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance, whereas reduction refers to the gain of electrons. A substance with a strong electron affinity is called an oxidizing agent (oxidant), and a reducing agent (reductant) is a species that donates electrons. Oxidation and reduction processes are pivotal to electrochemical reactions,...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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Oxidative stress: fundamentals and advances in quantification techniques.

Hari Krishnan Krishnamurthy1, Michelle Pereira2, Imbaasree Rajavelu2

  • 1Vibrant Sciences LLC., Santa Clara, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress occurs when harmful oxidative species overwhelm the body's defenses, damaging cells and contributing to aging and disease. Reliable quantification of oxidative stress markers is key for understanding and managing this process for better health.

Keywords:
antioxidantsfree radicalslipid peroxidationoxidative stressreactive nitrogen speciesreactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Oxidative species are vital for normal physiological functions at low levels, including immune response and cellular signaling.
  • Imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants leads to oxidative stress, damaging cellular components like lipids, DNA, RNA, and proteins.
  • Oxidative stress is implicated in disease pathogenesis and the aging process through cellular and functional deterioration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamentals of oxidative stress and its quantification.
  • To discuss conventional and novel markers for assessing oxidative stress.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate oxidative stress measurement in clinical practice and research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oxidative species, oxidative stress, and biomarkers.
  • Analysis of challenges in direct quantification of reactive oxygen species.
  • Discussion of indirect quantification methods using damage products and antioxidant levels.
  • Exploration of novel biomarkers and detection techniques.

Main Results:

  • Direct quantification of oxidant species is challenging due to their reactivity and short half-life.
  • Lipid peroxidation products, nucleic acid/protein damage markers, and antioxidant levels are established indicators of oxidative stress.
  • Novel biomarkers and advanced detection techniques offer potential for more precise assessment.
  • Accurate quantification is crucial for clinical consistency and comparability across diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of oxidative stress is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and overall health.
  • Reliable quantification of oxidative stress markers aids in understanding disease mechanisms and aging.
  • Further research into novel biomarkers can improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress-related conditions.
  • Enhanced understanding and measurement of oxidative stress can promote longevity and prevent age-associated diseases.