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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Mitochondrial non-energetic function and embryonic cardiac development.

Jingxian Shi1, Yuxi Jin1, Sha Lin1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria are crucial for embryonic heart development, providing energy and regulating key non-energetic functions. This review explores these vital roles in early cardiac growth.

Keywords:
ROScardiac developmentembryomitochondrianon-energetic function

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are essential for meeting the high energy demands of the developing embryonic heart.
  • Emerging research indicates mitochondria perform critical non-energetic functions during embryonic cardiac development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the essential non-energetic roles of mitochondria in embryonic cardiac development.
  • To highlight the impact of mitochondrial dynamics and signaling on early heart formation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mitochondrial function in embryonic heart development.
  • Synthesis of evidence on non-energetic mitochondrial processes.
  • Analysis of the roles of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, fusion/fission, mitophagy, ROS, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and redox state.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial permeability transition pore dynamics are critical for cardiac development.
  • Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitophagy regulate mitochondrial quality and function.
  • Mitochondria modulate reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and redox balance, impacting cardiac cell fate and function.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria play multifaceted roles beyond energy production in embryonic heart development.
  • Non-energetic mitochondrial functions are indispensable for normal cardiac morphogenesis and physiology.
  • Further research into these pathways could reveal therapeutic targets for congenital heart defects.