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Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, a cognitive factor that significantly influences personality development and learning. Locus of control refers to an individual's beliefs about the extent of control they have over events in their lives. According to Rotter, this belief system can be categorized into two types: internal and external locus of control.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Personal Relative Deprivation and Locus of Control.

Mitchell J Callan1, Robbie M Sutton2, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.

Journal of Personality
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Personal relative deprivation (PRD) is linked to external locus of control, where individuals believe external forces, not personal actions, shape outcomes. This association holds across cultures and socioeconomic statuses.

Keywords:
locus of controlpersonal relative deprivationsense of controlsocial status

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Personal relative deprivation (PRD) involves resentment from perceiving oneself as worse off than similar others.
  • Limited research exists on the association between PRD and the tendency to attribute outcomes to external versus internal factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between personal relative deprivation (PRD) and locus of control.
  • To determine if PRD is associated with a preference for external explanations for outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Eight studies with diverse designs (cross-sectional, experimental, longitudinal) and a total of 6729 participants.
  • Utilized established measures for both trait and state personal relative deprivation and locus of control.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with higher PRD favored external explanations for others' outcomes, independent of socioeconomic status.
  • This effect was mediated by a reduced sense of personal control and observed across national samples.
  • PRD showed a stronger association with external than internal locus of control, with within-person changes in PRD correlating with changes in external attributions.

Conclusions:

  • Personal relative deprivation (PRD) is consistently linked to an external locus of control, irrespective of socioeconomic status, individual differences, or cultural background.
  • The findings underscore the impact of PRD on individuals' perceptions of the causal influences governing their lives.