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Related Concept Videos

Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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Bile01:19

Bile

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Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
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Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins...
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

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Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
08:56

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Published on: February 10, 2015

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Nature and composition of biliary sludge.

S P Lee, J F Nicholls

    Gastroenterology
    |March 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Biliary sludge, a precursor to gallstones, is a sediment of crystals and granules in a mucus gel matrix. Gallbladder abnormalities, including mucus hypersecretion, contribute to its formation.

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Hepatobiliary Medicine
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Biliary sludge is a common finding in the gallbladder.
    • Its exact composition and formation mechanism are not fully understood.
    • It is considered a precursor to gallstone disease.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the microscopic and biochemical characteristics of biliary sludge.
    • To compare bile composition in patients with sludge, gallstones, and healthy controls.
    • To examine gallbladder histology in relation to sludge and gallstone presence.

    Main Methods:

    • Microscopic examination of hepatic and gallbladder bile samples.
    • Biochemical analysis of lipids and mucus glycoprotein.
    • Histological and histochemical analysis of gallbladder tissue.

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    Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver
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    Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
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    Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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    Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver
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    Main Results:

    • Biliary sludge consists of cholesterol crystals and bilirubin granules in a mucus gel matrix.
    • Gallbladder bile in sludge patients shows significantly increased mucus glycoprotein.
    • Gallbladder histology reveals mucus hypersecretion and glandular metaplasia in sludge patients.

    Conclusions:

    • The gallbladder in patients with biliary sludge is abnormal, exhibiting mucus hypersecretion and glandular metaplasia.
    • Increased mucus content in gallbladder bile promotes cholesterol crystal nucleation.
    • Biliary sludge represents an early, embryonic stage of gallstone disease.