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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination01:23

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When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters01:22

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters

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The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
Enhanced drug absorption can be achieved by reducing particle sizes and increasing surface areas, thereby facilitating...
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Bioavailability: Overview01:13

Bioavailability: Overview

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs
08:18

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs

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Bioactive compounds delivery and bioavailability in structured edible oils systems.

Alexandra Raluca Lazăr1, Andreea Pușcaș1, Anda Elena Tanislav1

  • 1Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Delivery systems like gels, microcapsules, and nanocapsules significantly enhance the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds. These systems improve the absorption and distribution of beneficial compounds in food applications.

Keywords:
bioactive compoundsdelivery systemsgelled systemsmicroencapsulated systemsnanoencapsulated systems

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Bioactive compounds' health benefits depend on intake and bioavailability.
  • Delivery systems are crucial for enhancing bioactive compound accessibility.
  • Various gelled, micro-, and nanoencapsulated systems exist for bioactive delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of different delivery systems on bioactive compound digestibility and bioavailability.
  • To critically discuss factors influencing the effectiveness of these systems in food applications.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of gelled systems (oleogels, bigels, emulgels, emulsions, hydrogels, hydrogel beads).
  • Analysis of microencapsulated systems (gels, particles, spheres, capsules, emulsions, solid lipid microparticles).
  • Investigation of nanoencapsulated systems (nanoparticles, SLNs, NLCs, nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanoliposomes).

Main Results:

  • Gelled systems' bioaccessibility is affected by gelators, oil type, and network properties.
  • Structured emulsions demonstrated improved stability, bioaccessibility, and controlled release.
  • Microencapsulation variables (wall material, ratios, process, pH) influence bioactive release.
  • Nanoencapsulated systems, particularly nanoliposomes, show enhanced stability, absorption, and bioaccessibility.

Conclusions:

  • All reviewed encapsulated systems show significant potential for improving bioactive compound distribution and availability.
  • Delivery system design is critical for optimizing the functional benefits of bioactive compounds in foods.
  • Further research into structurant molecules, emulsifiers, and coatings can enhance delivery system performance.