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Related Concept Videos

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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
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Aberrant Mitochondrial tRNA Genes Appear Frequently in Animal Evolution.

Iuliia Ozerova1, Jörg Fallmann1,2, Mario Mörl3

  • 1Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science & Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig D-04107, Germany.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial tRNAs show diverse structural changes across metazoan evolution. This study reannotates over 250,000 mitochondrial tRNAs, identifying key evolutionary hotspots for these variations.

Keywords:
armless tRNAsmitochondrial tRNAstRNA annotationtRNA losstRNA secondary structuretruncated tRNAs

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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs) exhibit significant structural diversity in metazoan evolution.
  • Over 12,500 mitogenome sequences are available, necessitating a consolidated analysis of mt-tRNA variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of mt-tRNA repertoire and structural changes.
  • To reanalyze and annotate a large dataset of mt-tRNA sequences using a standardized workflow.

Main Methods:

  • Complete reannotation of all RefSeq database mitogenomes (as of September 2022) using the mitos2 tool.
  • Analysis of over 250,000 mitochondrial tRNA sequences.

Main Results:

  • Identified evolutionary hotspots for mt-tRNA variations, including Acanthocephala, Nematoda, Acariformes, and Araneae.
  • Observed widespread, independent evolutionary events of arm loss in animal mt-tRNAs across various clades.
  • Documented less dramatic deviations in mt-tRNAs in numerous other animal groups.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a foundational dataset for investigating the evolutionary processes of mt-tRNA structural reduction and loss.
  • Highlights the independent and recurrent nature of mt-tRNA structural evolution.
  • Offers a resource for refining mitochondrial tRNA annotation workflows.