Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 9, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
Published on: June 2, 2014
Clinical characteristics of 2378 patients presenting with headache disorders to headache clinics in Japan: A
Noboru Imai1, Tsubasa Takizawa2, Narumi Watanabe2
1Department of Neurology and Headache Center, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
Background:
There are reports from single-center studies on patients visiting headache clinics; however, few multicenter studies have been conducted in Japan. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a multicenter analysis of the clinical characteristics, headache types, severity, and psychiatric comorbidities of patients attending headache clinics.
Methods:
We prospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics of 2378 patients with headache disorders visiting three headache clinics. Baseline demographics, such as the visual analog scale (VAS), and psychiatric assessments, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), were evaluated. Headache types were classified as migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), other primary headache disorders (OPHDs), and secondary headache. Parameters were compared between headache types using the Kruskal-Wallis test or analysis of covariance, as appropriate.
Results:
The most common headache type was migraine (78.8 %), followed by TTH (12.2 %), secondary headache (5.5 %), OPHDs (2.1 %), and TACs (1.6 %). Patients with migraine were significantly younger at first consultation (median age 32.0) than those with other headache types (TTH; 47.0, TACs; 39.0, OPHDs; 49.5, and secondary headache; 47.0). Patients with TACs exhibited the highest severity and psychiatric symptoms, with VAS (median 90.0), GAD-7 (7.0), and PHQ-9 (7.5) scores significantly higher than those of other headache type (migraine; 70.0, 5.0, 5.0, TTH; 50.0, 4.0, 4.0, OPHDs; 65.0, 4.0, 3.5, and secondary headache; 60.0, 3.0, 3.5: p<0.001, p=0.019, p<0.001).
Conclusion:
Most patients visiting headache clinics had migraine; patients with TACs showed significantly higher headache severity and psychiatric symptoms than those with other headache types.
Related Concept Videos
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Narcolepsy
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
Seizures: Classification
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:

