Plant secondary metabolites-mediated plant defense against bacteria and fungi pathogens

Plant diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and fungi are major threats to both wild plants and crops. To counteract these threats, plants have evolved various defense mechanisms, including the production of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). These compounds, such as terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and glucosinolates, offer a versatile, efficient, and cost-effective means of pathogen resistance. The traditional pathogen management methods relying on synthetic microbicides are often environment unfriendly. In contrast, PSMs provide promising alternative way due to their high efficiency and environmental benefits. This article reviews the categories, biosynthetic pathways, mechanisms of actions, and the commercialization of the PSMs to enhance our understanding of their pathogen resistance capabilities. The goal is to develop sustainable disease management strategies using PSM-based bactericides and fungicides.