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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement
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Is transcranial alternating current stimulation effective for improving working memory? A three-level meta-analysis.

Siyuan Zhang1,2, Xiaobing Cui1,2, Shuting Yu1,2

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|October 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) shows minimal impact on overall working memory improvement. However, theta tACS demonstrates potential benefits for n-back tasks and working memory maintenance under specific conditions.

Keywords:
N-backMeta-analysisTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)Working memory (WM)

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurostimulation

Background:

  • Working memory is crucial for cognitive function and can be enhanced by various methods.
  • Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is an emerging neuromodulation technique with potential for cognitive enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of tACS in improving working memory.
  • To explore factors influencing tACS effectiveness and its underlying mechanisms.
  • To differentiate tACS effects on n-back tasks versus traditional working memory tasks.

Main Methods:

  • A PRISMA systematic search and meta-analysis of 39 studies with 405 effect sizes.
  • Quantification of effect sizes using Hedges's g.
  • Three-level meta-analytic model with subgroup analyses to assess moderating factors.

Main Results:

  • Overall, tACS showed a small net benefit (g = 0.060) on working memory.
  • tACS had a small positive effect on n-back tasks (g = 0.102) but minimal effect on traditional tasks (g = 0.045).
  • Theta tACS (without anti-phase) moderately improved n-back tasks (g = 0.207), and offline stimulation improved working memory maintenance (g = 0.127).

Conclusions:

  • tACS has a minimal overall impact on working memory but shows promise under specific conditions.
  • Theta tACS (online and offline) can enhance n-back task performance.
  • Offline stimulation specifically improves working memory maintenance, warranting further research into mechanisms for optimized application.