Assessing the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells using an organ-on-chip model

Metastatic lung cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with its intricate metastatic cascade posing significant challenges to researchers and clinicians. Despite substantial progress in understanding this cascade, many aspects remain elusive. Microfluidic-based vasculature-on-chip models have emerged as powerful tools in cancer research, enabling the simulation of specific stages of tumor progression. In this study, we investigate the extravasation behaviors of A549 lung cancer cell subpopulations, revealing distinct differences based on their phenotypes. Our results show that holoclones, which exhibit an epithelial phenotype, do not undergo extravasation. In contrast, paraclones, characterized by a mesenchymal phenotype, demonstrate a notable capacity for extravasation. Furthermore, we observed that paraclones migrate significantly faster than holoclones within the microfluidic model. Importantly, we found that the depletion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) effectively inhibits the extravasation of paraclones. These findings highlight the utility of microfluidic-based models in replicating key aspects of the metastatic cascade. The insights gained from this study underscore the potential of these models to advance precision medicine by facilitating the assessment of patient-specific cancer cell dynamics and drug responses. This approach could lead to improved strategies for predicting metastatic risk and tailoring personalized cancer therapies, potentially involving the sampling of cancer cells from patients during tumor resection or biopsies.