Emerging roles of cytoskeletal transport and scaffold systems in human viral propagation

Viruses have long been recognized as significant pathogens, contributing to multiple global pandemics throughout human history. Recent examples include the 2009 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. Despite ongoing experimental and clinical efforts, the development of effective antiviral treatments and vaccines remains challenging due to the high mutation rates of many human pathogenic viruses including influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. As an alternative approach, antiviral strategies targeting host factors shared by multiple viruses could provide a more universally applicable solution. Emerging evidence suggests that viruses exploit the host cytoskeletal network to facilitate efficient viral replication and propagation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between viral components and the cytoskeletal machinery may offer valuable insights for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. This review compiles and discusses current knowledge on the interactions between viruses and cytoskeletal elements, including kinesin, dynein, myosin, and vimentin, and explores their potential as therapeutic targets. The potential for these cytoskeletal components to serve as targets for new antiviral interventions is discussed in the context of diverse human viruses, including influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.