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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Structure and evolution of metapolycentromeres.

E O Grishko1, P M Borodin1

  • 1Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki I Selektsii
|October 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Metapolycentromeres, with multiple centromeric domains, are more common than previously thought across diverse species. Their emergence is linked to genomic instability and Robertsonian translocations, requiring further evolutionary study.

Keywords:
centromerecentromere sizecentromere typemetapolycentromeres

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Area of Science:

  • * Genetics
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Molecular Biology

Background:

  • * Metapolycentromeres are complex centromeric structures with multiple CENP-A domains functioning as one.
  • * Previously identified in plants, insects, and vertebrates, their prevalence and evolution are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the structure, emergence, and evolution of metapolycentromeres.
  • * To explore potential mechanisms driving their formation and evolutionary dynamics.
  • * To update the known distribution of metapolycentromeres across species.

Main Methods:

  • * Systematic review of cytogenetic publications.
  • * Analysis of metapolycentromere structure, genetic content, and epigenetic modifications.
  • * Examination of evolutionary hypotheses, including centromere drive.

Main Results:

  • * Identified 27 candidate species, expanding the known distribution to 27 flowering plants, 8 gymnosperms, 5 insects, and 7 vertebrates.
  • * Metapolycentromeres show variations in domain number and content without apparent functional impact.
  • * Emergence is linked to Robertsonian translocations, segmental duplications, and genomic instability.

Conclusions:

  • * Metapolycentromeres appear more widespread and phylogenetically erratic than previously assumed.
  • * Independent emergence in various lineages is suggested, but requires more comparative data.
  • * Further research is crucial to elucidate metapolycentromere formation and evolutionary pathways.