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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

Bacterial Phylum Chlamydiae

Bacterial Phylum Chlamydiae

The phylum Chlamydiae or Chlamydiota is composed of a single order, Chlamydiales. This phylum consists entirely of obligate intracellular parasites that infect eukaryotic hosts. While human pathogens within this group have been studied extensively, the phylum encompasses many species capable of interacting with various eukaryotic organisms. Members of Chlamydiae are typically small cocci, approximately 0.5 μm in diameter, and exhibit a distinctive developmental cycle. As is characteristic...

Tonsillitis II: Management

Tonsillitis II: Management

This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

Published on: July 11, 2016

Review: Known, Emerging, and Remerging Pharyngitis Pathogens.

Jane M Caldwell¹, Nathan A Ledeboer², Bobby L Boyanton^3,4

¹Medavera, Inc, Springfield, Missouri, USA.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

|October 23, 2024

Summary

Acute pharyngitis, an inflammation of the throat, impacts healthcare systems significantly. This review covers common and emerging infectious agents causing pharyngitis in diverse patient groups.

Keywords:

emerging pathogens etiologic agents pharyngitis reemerging pathogens

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Public Health
Otolaryngology

Background:

Pharyngitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the pharynx and tonsils in children and adults.
Viral and bacterial infections are the primary causes, while fungal and parasitic infections are less frequent.
Certain pathogens are more prevalent in specific populations, such as immunocompromised or unvaccinated individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the healthcare system's burden from acute pharyngitis.
To review the etiologic agents of acute pharyngitis, including emerging and reemerging pathogens.
To establish a foundation for discussing diagnostic testing in subsequent parts.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on pharyngitis.
Analysis of healthcare system impact data.
Categorization of etiologic agents, considering emerging and reemerging pathogens.

Main Results:

Pharyngitis places a considerable burden on healthcare resources.
A wide range of pathogens cause acute pharyngitis, with viruses and bacteria being most common.
Emerging and reemerging pathogens require consideration in clinical evaluations.

Conclusions:

Understanding the diverse etiologies of pharyngitis is crucial for effective patient management.
Healthcare providers must stay informed about both common and less common infectious agents.
This review highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies for acute pharyngitis.