The Biosynthesis and Applications of Protein Lipidation

Protein lipidation dramatically affects protein structure, localization, and trafficking via remodeling protein-membrane and protein-protein interactions through hydrophobic lipid moieties. Understanding the biosynthesis of lipidated proteins, whether natural ones or mimetics, is crucial for reconstructing, validating, and studying the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of protein lipidation. In this Perspective, we first provide an overview of the natural enzymatic biosynthetic pathways of protein lipidation in mammalian cells, focusing on the enzymatic machineries and their chemical linkages. We then discuss strategies to biosynthesize protein lipidation in mammalian cells by engineering modification machineries and substrates. Additionally, we explore site-specific protein lipidation biosynthesis in vitro via enzyme-mediated ligations and in vivo primarily through genetic code expansion strategies. We also discuss the use of small molecule tools to modulate the process of protein lipidation biosynthesis. Finally, we provide concluding remarks and discuss future directions for the biosynthesis and applications of protein lipidation.