Improving maize yield and drought tolerance in field conditions through activated biochar application

Area of Science:

• Agricultural Science
• Soil Science
• Environmental Science

Background:

• Sustainable agriculture is crucial due to depleting water, increasing crop water needs, climate change, and soil degradation.
• Inorganic soil amendments can negatively impact soil fertility.
• Biochar shows potential for improving soil properties and plant performance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the efficacy of organically activated biochar in enhancing soil physicochemical and nutrient status.
• To assess biochar's impact on maize crop's biochemical, physiological processes, and yield under varying irrigation levels.
• To determine optimal biochar application rates for improved crop performance.

Main Methods:

• Field experiment conducted in Pakistan with maize hybrids (DK-9108, DK-6321, Sarhaab).
• Five irrigation levels based on evapotranspiration (100% ETC to 50% ETC) were applied.
• Activated biochar was applied at 0, 5, and 10 tons/ha.

Main Results:

• Biochar application significantly improved soil organic matter, bulk density, nutrient profile, and total porosity.
• Under deficit irrigation, biochar-treated maize showed enhanced membrane stability, higher protein content, reduced MDA, and improved antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT).
• Significant yield increases were observed, including 26% more grain/stover yield, 16% higher 1000-seed weight, 29% greater total seed weight, and 33% improved water productivity. The 5 tons/ha biochar rate was more effective than 10 tons/ha.

Conclusions:

• Organically activated biochar is a viable sustainable solution for improving soil health and crop productivity, especially under water-limited conditions.
• A biochar application rate of 5 tons/ha is more efficient than 10 tons/ha for enhancing maize growth and yield.
• Biochar application can mitigate the negative impacts of deficit irrigation on crop physiology and yield parameters.