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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

14.5K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
14.5K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

23.6K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive
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Soft-hard zwitterionic additives for aqueous halide flow batteries.

Gyohun Choi1, Patrick Sullivan1, Xiu-Liang Lv1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

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|October 24, 2024
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Soft-hard zwitterionic trappers (SH-ZITs) enable stable, high-capacity aqueous redox flow batteries by preventing polyhalide issues. This breakthrough allows for efficient grid energy storage with over 1,000 cycles and high state-of-charge operation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising for grid energy storage.
  • Halide-based catholytes face challenges due to polyhalide formation, leading to phase separation, reduced state-of-charge (SoC), and device failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel complexing agents for homogeneous halide cycling in aqueous RFBs.
  • To overcome limitations of polyhalide formation and improve battery performance and longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Design and characterization of soft-hard zwitterionic trappers (SH-ZITs) as polyhalide complexing agents.
  • Electrochemical cycling of flow batteries utilizing SH-ZITs with halide catholytes.
  • Investigation of polyhalide behavior at various states of charge and concentrations.

Main Results:

  • SH-ZITs effectively complex polyhalides, enabling homogeneous aqueous cycling.
  • Flow batteries demonstrated over 1,000 cycles with >99.9% coulombic efficiency at 40 mA/cm² without decay.
  • Stable operation at elevated temperatures and homogeneous cycling up to 90% SoC for bromide catholytes were achieved.
  • Ultrahigh catholyte capacity utilization (>120 Ah/L at 80% SoC) and compatibility with zinc anodes were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • SH-ZITs are effective in stabilizing halide catholytes for high-performance aqueous RFBs.
  • This technology significantly enhances energy storage capacity and cycle life.
  • SH-ZITs open new avenues for exploring advanced polyhalide regimes in energy storage applications.