RNA modification in normal hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have shown that m6A plays a critical role under both normal physiological and pathological conditions. Hematopoiesis and differentiation are highly regulated processes, and recent studies on m6A mRNA methylation have revealed how this modification controls cell fate in both normal and malignant hematopoietic states. However, despite these insights, a comprehensive understanding of its complex roles between normal hematopoietic development and malignant hematopoietic diseases remains elusive. This review first provides an overview of the components and biological functions of m6A modification regulators. Additionally, it highlights the origin, differentiation process, biological characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cells, as well as the features, immune properties, and self-renewal pathways of leukemia stem cells. Last, the article systematically reviews the latest research advancements on the roles and mechanisms of m6A regulatory factors in normal hematopoiesis and related malignant diseases. More importantly, this review explores how targeting m6A regulators and various signaling pathways could effectively intervene in the development of leukemia, providing new insights and potential therapeutic targets. Targeting m6A modification may hold promise for achieving more precise and effective leukemia treatments.