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Cancers attributable to diet in Italy.

Federica Turati1, Gianfranco Alicandro2,3, Giulia Collatuzzo4

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Department of Excellence 2023-2027, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G.A. Maccacaro", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Cancer
|October 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Unhealthy diets contribute significantly to cancer cases and deaths in Italy. While considerable, the cancer burden from diet is lower than in other high-income nations, likely due to the Mediterranean diet.

Keywords:
attributable cancer casesattributable cancer deathsdietary factorspopulation attributable fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diet is a modifiable risk factor for cancer.
  • Previous assessments of diet-related cancer burden have not focused specifically on Italy in 2020.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess cancer cases and deaths attributable to diet in Italy in 2020.
  • To compare Italy's diet-related cancer burden with other high-income countries.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Continuous Update Project findings for 'convincing' or 'probable' diet-cancer associations.
  • Retrieved relative risks from meta-analyses and dietary intakes from a national survey (circa 2005).
  • Calculated sex-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs) and estimated attributable cancer cases and deaths using national registries (2020) with a ~15-year lag period.

Main Results:

  • Unhealthy diets accounted for 6.3% of cancer cases in men and 4.5% in women.
  • Specific PAFs for colorectal cancer included processed meat (10.5% men, 7.0% women), red meat (3.3% men, 2.0% women), low dairy (4.8% men, 4.3% women), and low fiber (7.9% men, 9.0% women).
  • Low intake of non-starchy vegetables and fruit contributed to 0.8%-16.5% of aerodigestive tract cancers in men and 0.6%-17.8% in women.

Conclusions:

  • The cancer burden attributable to unfavorable dietary habits in Italy is substantial.
  • This burden appears lower compared to other high-income countries, potentially reflecting the protective effects of a Mediterranean dietary pattern.