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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
766
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
191
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

675
When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
675
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

636
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments
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Rationalising spin relaxation during slice-selective refocusing pulses.

Howard M Foster1, Runchao Li1, Yushi Wang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|October 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Slice-selective refocusing pulses cause signal loss in quantitative MRI due to relaxation. A simple empirical function can now accurately predict and correct this attenuation in magnetic resonance experiments.

Keywords:
RelaxationShaped pulsesSlice-selectiveSpin echoes

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Quantitative MRI

Background:

  • Slice-selective refocusing pulses are essential in MRI but introduce site-dependent signal loss.
  • This attenuation stems from spin relaxation during pulses, influenced by relaxation times, RF pulse shaping, and pulsed field gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for accurately predicting and correcting signal loss caused by relaxation during slice-selective refocusing pulses in quantitative MRI.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed experimental data and numerical simulations.
  • An empirical function was developed to model relaxational attenuation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence from experiments and simulations demonstrates that a simple empirical function accurately predicts relaxational attenuation.
  • This function accounts for complex dependencies on RF pulse shaping and pulsed field gradients.

Conclusions:

  • A straightforward empirical approach can effectively correct for relaxational signal losses in quantitative MRI.
  • This method has practical implications for improving accuracy in applications like Zangger-Sterk pure shift NMR.